LECTURES
Monday 12:30 – 14:00 (Lecture hall 1.26, U nemocnice 4, 8.1.2024 lecture is held in CHE1P1, Kateřinská 32, 3.073)
Thursday 12:30-14:00 (Lecture hall 3.073, Katerinska 32)Lecture Hall 3.073 Kateřinská 32
WEEK LECTURER |
TOPIC |
ANNOTATION: |
2.-6.10.1.week A
prof.MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc. |
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The interrelationship between medicinal chemistry and biochemistry and molecular biology and medicine. The relevance of the subject to the study of medicine and medical practice. System of study of the course, its division into thematic areas, recommended study literature. Water as a solvent, true and colloidal solutions and their properties, electrolytic dissociation, ionic strength, diffusion, osmosis, osmotic and oncotic pressure. |
1.week Bdoc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
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Chemical reactions, irreversible, reversible, subsequent reactions, equilibrium of chemical reactions, Guldberg-Waage law. Reactions of redox, precipitation, complexation, addition and elimination, nucleophilic substitution, isomerization, shifts. |
9-13.10.
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Acidobasis. pH and buffers, reactions.
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Definition of acids and bases, Arrhenius theory, Brönsted-Lowry theory. Protoliths and protolytic processes. Ionic product of water and definition of pH. Ampholytes. Hydrolysis of salts. Polyelectrolytes. Calculations of pH of strong and weak acids and bases. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Buffers and calculations of their pH. Importance of buffers for the human body.
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Biogenic elements and medically important inorganic compounds.
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Biogenic elements: macronutrients (C, N, O, H, Ca, P, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg) and trace elements (B, F, Fe, Se, Mo, Mn, Cr, I, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Si, Sn) and their medical significance.
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16-20.10.
|
Medically important organic compounds. |
Hydrocarbons.
Medically important halogen- and nitro- and sulphur derivatives of
hydrocarbons, amines, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic
acids and their functional and substituent derivatives. Substances used as
disinfectants and their mechanism of action |
3.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
|
Saccharides - overview. |
Definition,
properties, function and importance, structures
and classification, characterization of basic molecules. Structural
regularities of monosaccharides, isomerism, its significance. Methods of
writing formulas and structures. Haworth and Fischer projections. Properties of
functional groups of sugars - chemical and biochemical significance.
Properties, biological and medical significance of selected monosaccharides and
their derivatives. Other biologically and medically important derivatives of
monosaccharides. Glycosidic linkage, structure, properties. Types of
glycosides, structures of disaccharides and oligosaccharides - nomenclature.
Properties, biological and medical significance of selected di- and
oligosaccharides and their derivatives. Homopolysaccharides and
heteropolysaccharides - biochemical laws, biological and physiological
functions. |
23.-27.10.
|
Medically important heterocyclic compounds. |
Nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur heterocycles - physicochemical properties, structure and function of biologically and medically important heterocycles. |
4.week Bdoc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
Amino acids and peptides.
|
Definitions, properties,
functions and significance. Structure of genetically encoded AMCs: hydrocarbon
chain type, functional groups, stereochemical configuration, amphoteric
character, hydrogen bridge formation, polarity of the molecule. Influence of pH
on the dissociation of basic and acidic functional groups of amino acids.
Isoelectric point. Specific functions of aminoacids. Peptides: peptide bond
formation and hydrolysis, limited rotation around pept. bond, cis/trans
isomerism, preference for trans isomers. Di-, tri- to oligopeptides and
polypeptides, their aminoterminal (N-) and carboxyterminal (C-) ends. |
30.10-3.11
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Structure of proteins and their function in the organism.
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Proteins:
structure, properties, structure-stabilizing bonds. Primary structure,
secondary structure, suprasecondary structure, tertiary and quaternary
structure. Conformation, native state, Anfinsen's dogma. Homoproteins and
heteroproteins. General functions of proteins. |
5.week B
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Lipids
- an overview.
|
Definition,
properties, function and importance, structures and classification,
characterization of basic molecules (fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids,
sphingolipids, steroids and isoprenoids). |
6.-10.11.
|
Enzymes 1 |
Definition of enzyme. Importance of enzymes in medicine. Substrate and functional specificity of enzymes. Enzymological terminology and classification of enzymes. Mechanisms and energetics of enzyme catalysis. Isoenzymes and multiple enzyme isophomes. Apoenzymes and holoenzymes. Enzyme cofactors: coenzymes, prosthetic groups, coactivators. Factors influencing the course of enzyme reactions. Regulation of enzyme reaction rate by changing substrate concentration. Monomeric and oligomeric enzymes and their kinetics, cooperative effect |
6.week Bprof.MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc. |
Enzymes 2 |
Biological
regulation of enzyme concentration and activity at transcriptional,
posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational levels. Reversible and
irreversible posttranslational covalent modification of proenzymes (zymogens)
and enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity by inhibitors. Kinetics of enzyme
inhibition, its types and mechanisms. Medical and biological significance of
enzyme inhibitors. Allosteric enzymes and regulation of their activity. Linear
and branched enzyme pathways and feedback loops regulating their rate. Compartmentation
of enzymes in cells and its implications for metabolism |
13.-17.11.
|
Vitamins
|
Definitions;
general classification according to physical properties; generic descriptive
names; chemical names when commonly used; chemical structures; function and
significance; food sources; vitamin withdrawal diseases and overdose. |
7.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc. |
Introduction to metabolism (biochemistry and energy)
|
Energy
of chemical reactions (entropy, enthalpy). Overview of energy metabolism
pathways, energy needs in humans: maintaining gradients, driving endergonic
reactions, mechanical work. Basic characteristics, importance and metabolic
interrelationships of nutrients. Importance and function of AcCoA, NAD and FAD.
Compartmentalization of metabolic processes. Intracellular and interorgan
metabolism. Principles of metabolic control. |
20.-24.11.
|
Makroergic compounds. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. |
Overview
of macroergic compounds. Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation,
Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants. |
8.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc. |
Citrate cycle
|
Citrate cycle as a universal metabolic mill, the most important source of reduced coenzymes. Functions of acetyl coenzyme A. Intermediates and enzymes of the citrate cycle. Sites of production of reduced coenzymes. Energy balance - energy gain by substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Regulation of the citrate cycle. Anaplerotic processes. Citrate cycle - catabolic and anabolic features. |
27.11-1.12.
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Saccharides digestion, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis. Fructose metabolism. |
Sugars
in the diet, digestion and resorption. Glucose transporters and their
distribution and regulation - importance for metabolism. Glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis- steps of glycolysis, their regulation, organ/tissue
specificity. Fate of pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis: similarities and
differences. Sources for gluconeogenesis. Coordination of glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis at local and systemic levels. Fructose metabolism. |
9.week B
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Metabolism of glycogen, uronic acids, pentose cycle. Galactose metabolism. |
Glycogen - an energy depot with fast turnover and quick mobilization. Glycogen metabolism: synthesis, degradation (glycogenolysis), mechanisms of regulation and relation to metabolism of other nutrients. Hormonal and allosteric control of glycogen metabolism, its tissue specificity. Pentose cycle. Synthesis and importance of glucuronic acid. Galactose metabolism |
4.-8.12.
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Lipid digestion, triacylglycerol metabolism |
Digestion and transport of lipids (lipases; lipoproteins - their anatomy, importance of apoproteins, formation, transformations in the body and functions). Synthesis and degradation of TAG, mobilization and transport of fatty acids. |
10.week B
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Beta oxidation, ketone bodies, fatty acid synthesis.
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Fatty
acid oxidation, carnitine synthesis, carnitine system, mitochondrial beta
oxidation - its significance, process and control; other pathways of fatty acid degradation.
Formation, degradation, utilization and significance of ketone bodies. De novo
synthesis of fatty acids. Subsequent modifications of fatty acids (desaturation
and elongation). |
11.-15.12.
|
Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism |
Biosynthesis
and degradation of cholesterol, cholesterol transport and its regulation.
Regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the cellular level by SREBP. Bile acid
metabolism and regulation. |
11.week B
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Steroid hormones |
Biosynthesis,
transport and catabolism of gestagens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens, estrogens and calcitriol. |
18.-22.12.
|
Metabolism of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Eikosanoids. |
Metabolism
of membrane lipids - glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids - sphingomyelin
(formation of sphingosine and ceramide) and glycosphingolipids. Structural and
signalling functions, importance of phospholipases, lipid kinases and lipid
phosphatases. Eicosanoids - biosynthesis, function and degradation of
prostanoids and leukotrien |
12.week B |
Protein digestion, transamination, ureosynthetic cycle. |
Role
of proteases and pH in GIT protein digestion, resorption and transport of amino
acids. Metabolism of amino acids in cells, involvement of amino acids in
metabolic processes (catabolic and anabolic reactions). Nutritionally essential
and dispensable amino acids. General mechanisms and cofactors of amino acid
conversion - transamination, deamination and decarboxylation. Ammonia transport
and detoxification, glutamine synthesis and deamination, ureosynthetic cycle
and its regulation. |
|
1.-5.1. 13.week A
doc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
Metabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids.
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Metabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids - glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Metabolism of aliphatic amino acids: amino acids of the pyruvate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA and fumarate groups, amino acids converted via acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, metabolism of amino acids with branched side chains. |
13.week Bdoc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
Metabolism of aromatic amino acids and formation of specialized products. |
Metabolism of aromatic amino acids. Biosynthesis and degradation of biologically active amines: catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, ethanolamine. Biosynthesis of creatine, polyamines, coenzyme A and taurine. |
8.-12.1.
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Metabolism of tetrapyrroles. |
Biosynthesis of heme; regulation of heme biosynthesis in hepatocytes, erythroid cells of other tissues. Metabolism of tetrapyrroles - heme degradation; erythrocyte breakdown sites and heme degradation, extravascular breakdown - fate of hemoglobin and heme, catabolic pathway of heme breakdown - formation of bilirubin; physicochemical properties of bilirubin, transport, conjugation of bilirubin and excretion of bilirubin, fate of bilirubin in GIT - bilinoids. Iron metabolism. |
14.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc. |
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
|
Purine
metabolism - de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. Efficient synthesis
and defects. Catabolism of purines. Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides de
novo, regulation. Efficient synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and
interconversions. Catabolism of pyrimidines. Biosynthesis of
deoxyribonucleotides and its regulation. |
SEMINARS AND PRACTICAL LESSONS
seminars:
Monday 14:15 – 15:45 (Lecture hall 1.26, U nemocnice 4 8.1.2024 lecture is held in CHE1P1, Kateřinská 32, 3.073)
Friday 14:15 – 15:45 (Lecture hall 097 – Cori, U nemocnice 5)
practical lessons and practical seminars:
Monday,Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday – 14:15-17:15 laboratory of practical lessons, U Nemocnice 5
Attendance at lectures is recommendable, attendance at practical lessons and seminars is obligatory.
Students are also recquired to wear his/her Student´ID Card on a visible place.
15.9.2023
Prof. MUDr. Aleksi Šedo, DrSc.