Lectures, Seminars and Practical Lessons 2023-24-summer

WEEK LECTURER

TOPIC

ANNOTATION:

1.week 19.2.-23.2.

A prof.RNDr.J.Černý, Ph.D.

Changed date 23.2.2024

15:00-16:30

Introduction to Molecular Biology (Biochemistry Information)

The central dogma of molecular biology. The relationship between structure and function of nucleic acids. Viruses, pro- and eukaryotes. Definition of -omes. The importance and position of molecular biology in medicine.

1.week B

Doc.MUDr.J.Křemen, CSc..

Structure and function of nucleic acids, types of RNA molecules.

 Nucleic acids - structure and physicochemical properties of NK. Types of nucleic acids and their functions.

2.week 26.2.-1.3.

A

doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc

Organization of prokaryotic, eukaryotic and mitochondrial genomes; structure of chromatin

Structure and organization of genomes. Prokaryotic cell, prokaryotic genome, nucleoid - structure and organization, plasmids, episomes. Eukaryotic cells - nucleus - eukaryotic genome - structure and organization of chromatin, nucleosomes, types of repetitive sequences. Mitochondrial genome.

2.week B

doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc

 

DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3.week 4.3.-8.3.

A 

Mgr.J.Ševčík, Ph.D.

  Mutations and their origin and effects. Mutagens and carcinogens.

 DNA transposition. Definition of mutations; gene, chromosomal, genomic mutations; causes and frequency of mutations: spontaneous, induced, random, targeted; germ-line and somatic mutations; mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA; phenotypic manifestations of mutations: Vital, lethal, dominant, recessive mutations, mutation expressivity; effect of mutations: on transcription and posttranscriptional modifications of RNA, on protein synthesis and protein structure, on posttranslational modifications and protein function; mutagenesis and mutagens, carcinogens.

3.week B

Mgr.J.Ševčík, Ph.D.

DNA mutation repair

Introduction to the mechanisms of DNA damage repair: enzymatic dealkylation of alkylated nucleotides (e.g. Repair of nucleotide excision (NER); base excision repair (BER); base pairing error repair (MMR); repair of single-strand breaks and interstrand junctions: homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The role of repair genes and their protein products; constitutive and somatic changes in DNA repair genes and their importance in medicine.

4. week 11.3.-15.3.

A  

MUDr. František Sedlák, Ph.D.

RNA biosynthesis - DNA transcription, modifications of primary transcript of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, alternative splicing. RNA transport and degradation in eukaryotes.

 RNA biosynthesis - DNA transcription in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Primary transcript modifications in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - cap formation, polyadenylation, alternative splicing, spliceosomes. RNA transport and degradation in eukaryotes.

4.week B

MUDr. František Sedlák, Ph.D.

Regulation of gene expression.

Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, operon, operator, promoter, repressor. Polycistronic vs. monocistronic regulation. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, cis- and trans-regulatory elements. Transcription factors. Promoters, enhancers, silencers. Higher levels of regulation of gene expression, histone code, RNAi.

5.week 18.-22.3.

A 

MUDr. František Sedlák, Ph.D.

 Translation , inhibitors of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation. Protein folding, chaperones. Post-translational modification of proteins 1.

   Proteosynthesis and its components, translation in prokaryotes. Properties of the genetic code and its reading. Principles of proteosynthesis, role of transfer RNAs in amino acid activation and reading of the genetic code, translation of prokaryotic mRNA, composition and importance of ribosomes. Formylmethionine and initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes, elongation and termination of the synthesized polypeptide, role of translation factors. Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, stages of protein synthesis in eukaryotes, recognition of the initiation codon and initiation of translation; translation of eukaryotic mRNA - importance of the cap and polyA segment. Inhibitors of pro- and eukaryotic translation, antibiotics that specifically interfere with protein synthesis. Regulation of eukaryotic translation, role of protein kinases, mRNA degradation. Folding of newly synthesized proteins, role of chaperones. Post-translational modifications of the N and C terminus of proteins, proteolytic modifications of proteins.

5.week

B 

MUDr. František Sedlák, Ph.D.

 Post-translational covalent modification of proteins 2. Sorting and transport of proteins into individual organelles, secretory proteins.

Covalent posttranslational modification of amino acid side chains. Sorting and vesicular transport of proteins into individual subcellular organelles, secretory proteins. Signaling sequences, ribosomes bound to endoplasmic reticulum membranes, synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, glycosylation of proteins in the Golgi complex and their sorting for transport to lysosomes, secretory granules and plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic ribosomes and synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins and proteins transported to mitochondria and nucleus, proteins carrying mitochondrial or nuclear localization signal. Ubiquitin proteasome system.

6.week 25.3.-29.3.

A 

prof. MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc.

Mechanisms of signal transduction 1

 General laws of intercellular communication and intracellular signal transduction cascades. Relationship of signal, ligand, pre-receptor events, receptor types, ligand-receptor interactions.

6.týden B

prof. MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc.

 Mechanisms of signal transduction 2

Postreceptor events, heterotrimeric G proteins. cAMP and Ca2+ as second messengers.Signal transmission and propagation in the cytoplasm and into the cell nucleus. Signaling molecules of lipid nature. Interaction of cAMP-dependent and intracellular Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways. Clinical aspects of cAMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways, signaling through NO - therapeutic targets, importance in the pathogenesis of some diseases.

7.week 1.4.-5.4

A  

doc. MUDr. J. Křemen, CSc.

 Virus structure, replication and assembly.

 General characteristics of viruses: life history traits of viruses. Signs of viral non-life. Definitional criteria of viruses: viral particle = virion; nucleic acid (NA) molecule type; strict intracellular parasitism; virus-host cell interaction. Size and shape of viruses. Structure of viruses; Nucleocapsid or core; capsid; capsomers; naked viruses; enveloped viruses). Classification of viruses: by type of nucleic acid of viral genome; by type of host: bacteriophages; mycophages; animal viruses; viroids. Retroviruses and pararetroviruses. DNA and RNA life cycle of viruses: life cycle stages of animal viruses (adsorption; penetration; replication - early and late stages). Virus assembly and maturation. Release of the virus from the host cell. Pathogenicity of viruses.

7.week B

doc.MUDr.P.Bušek, Ph.D.

Structure and function of cell membranes, cell junctions.

 Composition and structure of biomembranes: lipids and proteins of biomembranes. Asymmetry of biomembranes, flip-flop of membrane lipids. Fluid-mosaic model of biomembranes, lipid rafts. Transport of molecules and ions across biomembranes: passive and facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport and antiport, ion channels and ionophores, pores, exocytosis and endocytosis. Molecular structure and function of cell junctions: tight junctions, adhesive junctions, channel junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions.

8.week 8.4.-12.4.

A 

Mgr.L.Stollinová,Ph.D.

Compartmentation of the cell, structure and function of cell organelles, vesicular transport.

 Subcellular compartmentation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and its significance. Cytosol, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell organelles and their biochemical functions: nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, transport vesicles, mitochondria, Compartmentation of metabolic pathways. Vesicular transport in cells, its mechanism and significance. Autophagy.

8.týden B

prof. MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc.

Mechanisms of signal transduction 3

  Signal transduction by receptors with intrinsic or associated enzyme activity. Growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways: differences in similarity. Oncogene products as signaling pathway molecules. Examples of crossing, sharing and interactions of signaling pathways. Biological significance of signaling pathways using tyrosine kinase activity - proliferation, stress, survival, therapeutic targets, consequences of dysfunction of the molecules involved. Proteolysis-dependent signaling pathways: Notch, wnt, hedgehog - how they work, what events they signal and what cellular responses they elicit. Protease-activated receptors - relationship to the pathogenesis of some diseases.

9.week 15. 4.-19.4.

A  MUDr. I. Melezínek, CSc.

Apoptosis

What is and what is not apoptosis. Morphological manifestations of apoptosis and their correlate at the level of biochemical processes. Initiation, control and effector phases of apoptosis. Biochemistry of apoptosis, extrinsic pathway (DISC), intrinsic pathway (apoptosome), effector (caspases, CAD) and regulatory (Bcl-2 family) molecules.

9.week B

MUDr. I. Melezínek, CSc.

 Cell cycle

 What is the cell cycle. The growth and chromosomal cycle of a cell. Intra- and extracellular conditions for its successful course. Phases of the cell cycle. Cell cycle biochemistry (cyclins, CDK, CKI, CAK). Cell cycle control, restriction points and role of Rb protein, multiprotein complexes APC and MPF. Division of cell organelles.

10.week 22.4.-26.4.

A 

prof. MUDr. A. Šedo, DrSc

Biochemistry of peptide and protein hormones and thyroid hormones.

Biosynthesis, activation, secretion, transport, receptors, inactivation and degradation of peptide, protein and thyroid hormones. Hormonal management system, hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine gland.

10.week B

prof. MUDr. A. Šedo, DrSc

Hormones and signaling pathways affecting energy metabolism.

11. week 29.4.-3.5.

A doc. MUDr.J. Křemen. CSc.

 Liver biochemistry

 Liver biochemistry: a review of the functional anatomy and histology of the liver. Biochemical functions of the liver. Liver metabolism - biochemistry of liver functions. Overview of metabolic functions - relationship to cellular structures and metabolic zones of the hepatic lobe. Biotransformation processes and the role of cytochrome P450. Hepatobiliary function - formation, composition, secretion and function of bile. Overview of disorders of hepatobiliary function.

11.week B

doc. MUDr.J. Křemen. CSc

 Xenobiochemistry

Basics of xenobiochemistry - biotransformation. Definition of xenobiotic, gateways of xenobiotics, phase I - cytochrome P450 family, phase II - biotransformation of some organic substances, effects of some inorganic substances, biotransformation disorders and their consequences. Toxic and carcinogenic substances in the environment. Toxicity of CO, cyanides, methanol, ethylene glycol, ethanol, organophosphates.

12. week 6.5-10.5.

A doc. MUDr.P.Bušek, Ph.D.

Biochemistry of blood and hemocoagulation.

Composition and function of blood, plasma proteins, erythrocyte metabolism. Hemoglobin, O2 and CO2 transport. Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes and its role. Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, hemoglobinopathies. Mechanism and regulation of haemocoagulation and fibrinolysis, biochemical functions of platelets.

12.week B

MUDr.E.Balážiová, Ph.D.

Muscle biochemistry and muscle contraction

 Metabolism of skeletal and cardiac muscle and their comparison, energy sources at rest and during exercise. Proteins of the contractile apparatus - actin, myosin - structure and function. Regulatory proteins - tropomyosin, troponin complex. Mechanism and regulation of muscle contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Calcium ion transport and function. Other muscle tissue proteins and their functions: a-actinin, titin, nebulin, caldesmon, desmin, dystrophin, calcineurin. Molecular motors - myosin V, kinesins, dyneins - their function and importance.

13.week 16.5.-20.5.

A doc.MUDr. P. Bušek, Ph.D.

Structure and synthesis of antibodies. Structure and function of immunoglobulins. Antigen-antibody interaction. Properties and functions of individual classes of immunoglobulins. Nature of molecular diversity of antibodies, somatic recombination, hypermutation, active rearrangement of gene fragments, isotype shift, etc. Clonal selection, primary and secondary response. Monoclonal antibodies- preparation, use. Basic immunomethods.

13.weekB

doc.MUDr. P. Bušek, Ph.D.

 Molecular basis of cellular immunity. Receptors, antigens and enzymes important for the execution of phagocytosis. Biochemical basis of effector functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T receptors and their functional context. HLA system, antigen presentation.

14.week 20.5.-24.5.

A 

MUDr.E.Balážiová, Ph.D.

Biochemistry of neuronal tissue and senses.

 The most important metabolic pathways in the brain, biochemical interaction between neuron and astroglia. Trasport of substances across the blood-brain barrier. Biochemical principles of neurotransmission - chemical synapse. Biosynthesis, release and termination of neurotransmitters ( cholinergic, catecholaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic and peptidergic neurotransmission). Biochemistry of the senses: vision - mechanism and significance of opsin and retinoid cycle; olfaction - mechanism of olfactory perception; taste - mechanism of taste perception.

14.week B

MUDr.I.Melezínek,CSc.

Biochemistry of connective tissue and skin.

 Characteristics of cellular components and extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. Molecular components of the ECM: structural proteins, adhesive glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Structure, biosynthesis and matrix of collagens, and degradation of collagens. Classification of collagens.

Biochemistry of bone: major proteins and proteoglycans and inorganic components of bone, Biochemical regulation of bone resorption.

Cartilage biochemistry: major proteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of cartilage and their functions. Skin biochemistry: major proteins of the epidermis, composition and function of the epidermal permeability barrier. Biosynthesis of vitamin D3 precursor. Biosynthesis of melanins. Major proteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of the dermis. Composition of sweat from the eccrine glands.

1.week

19-23.2.

MUDr. T.Šváblová

Mgr.M.Houdová,Ph.D.

Determination of uric acid/ Overview of disorders of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide metabolism, hyperuricaemia. Inhibitors of biosynthesis and their medical applications.

2.week

26.2.-1.3.

Mgr. J.Ševčík, Ph.D.

Opening week. The importance of molecular biology in medicine. Approach to the study of genetic information. Types of mutations. Overview of the molecular biology practicum course: biology of DPD, importance of mutation analysis in the DPYD gene for determining toxicity after 5-fluorouracil (5FU) administration.

 Mgr.P.Výmola Mgr.L.Stollinová,Ph.D.

 Calculations in molecular biology

3.week

4.3.-8.3.

Mgr.M.Houdová, Ph.D.

 Summarizing seminar- structure and function of nucleic acids, RNA types, genome organization, chromatin structure.

according to schedule for individual study groups

 Isolation of genetic material from buccal mucosal swabs. Measurement of isolated DNA concentration. / Fractionation of the cell, isolation and purification of genetic material. Characterization and quantification of DNA. DNA/RNA properties

4.week

11.3.-15.3.

MUDr. František Sedlák, Ph.D.

Next Generation sequencing

according to schedule for individual study groups

Electrophoresis of isolated DNA. PCR amplification of the stretch including exon 13 of the DPYD gene.

5.week

18.3.-22.3.

Mgr. J.Ševčík, Ph.D.

Regulation of gene expression

according to schedule for individual study groups

 PCR electrophoresis and sequence preparation, evaluation in FINCH

6.week

25.3.-29.3.

according to schedule for individual study groups

MB block evaluation  

7.week

1.4.-5.4.

MUDr.Z.Vaníčková

8.week

8.4.-12.4.

doc. MUDr.P.Bušek, Ph.D.

Transmembrane transport (proton pump, Wilson's disease, cystic fibrosis)

MUDr.Z.Vaníčková 

Mgr.M.Houdová,Ph.D.

 Analysis of urine and urinary sediment in diagnostics

9.week

15.-19.4.

doc.MUDr.P. Bušek, Ph.D.

MUDr.E.Balážiová, Ph.D.

MUDr.D.Konečná

  Control test Kidney biochemistry /clearance

10.week

22.4-26.4.

MUDr. M. Hilšer, Ph.D.

 Membrane receptors and their signalling. Cytokines and growth factors (erythropoietin, insulin, VEGF, EGF). Congenital and acquired defects in signalling molecules and cancer.  I.

MUDr.D.Konečná

Mgr. L.Stollinová, Ph.D.

Acid-base balance

 Intructions

11.week

29.4.-3.4.

MUDr. M. Hilšer, Ph.D.

Membrane receptors and their signalling. Cytokines and growth factors (erythropoietin, insulin, VEGF, EGF). Congenital and acquired defects in signalling molecules and cancer. II.

MUDr.E.Balážiová Ph.D.

Mgr.I.Matrasová Ph.D.

Examination in patients with diabetes mellitus

12.week

6.5.-10.5.

Mgr.H Kupcová Ph.D.

Summary seminar - signalling

MUDr. M. Hilšer, Ph.D.

RNDr. J.Stejskal

Xenobiochemistry and toxicology /Ethanol in breath. Detection of drugs in urine

13.week

13.5.-17.5.

Mgr.I.Matrasová Ph.D.

MUDr.B.Výmolová

RNDr. J.Stejskal

Biochemistry of muscle tissue/ Determination of selected markers of muscle damage

14.week

20.5.-24.5.

doc MUDr. P. Bušek Ph.D.

Overview of immunological methods- Monoclonal antibodies- preparation and use. Basic immunochemical methods. Immunoturbidimetry, ELISA, RIA.

Mgr. I.Matrasová Ph.D.

MUDr.B.Výmolová

Immunological methods in clinical practice

15.week

Credit

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