WEEK
LECTURER
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TOPIC
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ANOTATION:
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1.week A doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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Introduction
to biochemistry and molecular biology
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Introduction to biochemistry and molecular biology
- importance of biochemistry and
molecular biology for medicinal
studies and even for medical practice.
System of study, recommended literature.
Relationship to basic chemistry,
basic terms in bioenergetics (enthalpy,
entropy, free energy) energy sources
for organism, transformation of
energy an formation of ATP in human
organism.
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1.week B prof.MUDr.J.Borovanský,CSc.
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Acid-base
reactions, pH, buffers.
Link
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Definitions of acids and bases. Arrhenius theory, theory
of Brönsted-Lowry. Protolytes,
protolytic reactions. Ion product
of water. Hydrolysis of salts. Polyelectrolytes.
pH of strong and weak acids. pHof
strong and weak bases. Buffers.
Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Calculation
of pH. Importance of buffers for
human organism.
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2.week A
doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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Amino acids,
peptides and proteins I.
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Amino acids: structure of coded amino acids, type of carbon
chain, function groups, classification
configuration, acid-base properties,
hydrogen bonding, pH dependence
of dissociation, isoelectric (isoionic)
point, condensation
(formation of peptide bond) Peptides:
formation and hydrolysis of the
peptide bond, amino (N-) and carboxyl
(C-) terminus, (cis-/trans-
isomerism), preference of trans-isomers,
classification (oligopeptides, polypeptides).
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2.week B
doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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Amino acids,
peptides and proteins II. Structures
and functions.
EL-link
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Proteins: primary structure (AA sequence - genetic code),
secondary structure (alfa-helix,
beta chain, ...), tertiary and quaternary
structure, covalent and non-covalent
bonds.
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3.week A
prof.MUDr.J.Borovanský,CSc.
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Membranes: structure and function of membranes
EL-link
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Membrene lipids - phospholipids,
glycosphingolipids, cholesterol.
Lipid bilayers, integral and peripheral
proteins. Membrane assymetry. Fluid
mosaic model. Membrane assembly.
Transport of compounds and information
across the membrane - transfer of
small molecules = diffusion (passive
and facilitated), active transport.
Ion channels: Ionophores. Transport
of large molecules - exo- an endocytosis.
Signal transmission.
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3.week B prof.MUDr.J.Borovanský,CSc.
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Cell
and its compartmentalization.
EL-link
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Subcellular particles. Prokaryotic and eukaryoic cells.
Biochemical specificity of nucleus,
mitochondrion, ER, Golgi apparatus,
lysosome, peroxisome and cytoplasm.
Cytoskelet. Methods of cell biochemistry.
Examples of diseases due to organelle
dysfunction.
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4.week A
MUDr.E.Křepela,CSc.
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Enzymes
1
EL-link
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Enzymology in medicine. Terminology. Isozymes, coenzymes.
Biological aspects of enzymatic
catalysis. Mechanisms and energetics
of enzymatic catalysis. Factors
affecting course of enzymatic reaction.
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4.week B MUDr.E.Křepela,CSc.
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Enzymes 2
EL-link
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Kinetics of enzymatic reactions. Inhibition and inhibitors:
types, mechanisms, consequences
Medicinal and biological significance
of inhibitors. Principles and mechanisms
of enzyme assays: "nt only
activity".
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5.week A
MUDr.E.Křepela,CSc.
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Enzymes 3
EL-link
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Biological regulations of enzymes (the actiity is just
one aspect). Inhibition as a subcategory
of regulation. Reversible covalent
modificatin, interconvertible enzymes.
Feedbacks, cooperativity.
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5.week B prof.MUDr.J.Borovanský,CSc.
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Metabolism
of purins and pyrimidines.
EL-link
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Nomenclature of N-bazes, nucleosides and nucleotides. Nucleotide
functions. Nucleic acid digestion
- fate of cleaved products. A. Purine
metabolism - purine nucleotide biosynthesis
de novo - differences among prokaryotes
and eukaryotes - inhibitors of synthetic
pathways and their application in
medicine - salvage pathways of purine
nucleotide metabolism and intercoversion
- purine catabolism - regulation
of purine nucleotide mtabolism -
overview of purine metabolism disorders.
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6.week A prof.MUDr.J.Borovanský,CSc.
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Metabolism
of purins and pyrimidines.
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B. Pyrimidine metabolism. - pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis
de novo - differenes among prokaryotes
and eukaryotes - inhibitors of synthetic
pathways and their application in
medicine. - salvage pathways of
pyrimidine nucleotde metabolism
and intercoversion - pyrimidine
catabolism - regulation of pyrimidine
nucleotide metabolism. - overview
of pyrimidine metabolism disorders
C. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides
- inhibitors and their application
in medicine. - regulation of biosynthesis.
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6.week B doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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Nucleic
acids. Structure, functon and types.
EL-link
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Nucleic acids - from Miecher to DNA doublehelix (Watson,
Crick et al.); Chargaff´s
rules. Nucleic acid types and their
functions; NA structure and physical-chemical
properties. Central dogma of molecular
biology. Definition of genome, transcriptome
and proteome.
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7.week A doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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Structure
and organization of genomes
EL-link
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Structure and organisation of
genomes. Prokaryotic cells, prokaryotic
genome - nucleoid - structure and
organisation, plasmids, episomes.
Eukaryotic cells - nucleus - eukaryotic
genome - structure and organisation
of chromatin, nucleosomes, types
of repetitive sequences. Mitochondrial
genome.
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7.week B doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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DNA replication
in pro- and eucaryotic cells
EL-link
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DNA replication in pro- and eukaryotic cells - DNA-polymerase
types; mechanisms and stages of
DNA replication.
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8.week A doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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Mutations - rise and effects.
EL-link
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Mutations - rise and effects.
Mutagenes and carcinogenes. DNA
reparation mechanisms.
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8.week B doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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DNA recombination and types.
DNA transposition.
EL-link
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DNA recombination and types.
DNA transposition. Epigenetic
changes. DNA methylation and significance.
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9.week A doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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RNA biosynthesis
EL-link
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RNA biosynthesis - transcription
of DNA in pro- and eukaryotic cells.
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9.week B doc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
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Primary transcript modification
EL-link
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Splicing of rRNA and tRNA molecules
in prokaryontes. Primary transcript
modification jn eukaryontes
- capping, polyadenylation, alternative
splicing, splicesomes. RNA transport
and degradation in eukaryontes.
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10.week A doc.MUDr.Z.Kleibl,PhD.
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Regulation and control of gene
expression on the level of transcription
in pro- and eucaryotic cells.
EL-link
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Regulation of gene expression
in prokaryontes. Operon, operator,
promotor, repressor. Polycistronic
and monocistronic regulation. Cis-
and trans- regulation elements.
Transcription factors. Promotors,
ehancers, silencers.
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10.week B doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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The genetic code, th mechanism
of protein synthesis, translation
in procaryotic cells.
EL-link
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Deciphering the genetic codes,
major features of the genetic code,
signals that define the beginning
and end of each encoded polypeptide
chain. The overall process of protein
synthesis, the role of transfer
RNA, activation of amino acids,
codon recognition, translation of
bacterial mRNA molecules, the function
of ribosomes in translation, formation
of a peptde bond, ribosome structure
and functional sites, ribosomal
subunits, polyribosomes. Formylmethionine
initiates protein synthesis in bacteria,
initiation, elongation and termination
phases of translation.
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11.week A doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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Translation in eucaryotic cells,
regulation of gene expression at
the level of translation.
EL-link
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Mechanism of eukaryotic translation,
initiation of he process, elongation
of the peptide, termination of synthesis,
eukaryotic mRNAs, the role of caps
and poly A tails in translation.
Inhibitors of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
protein synthesis antibiotic inhibitors
of translation. Regulation of translation,
phosphorylation cascade leading
to the inactivation of initiation
factors, mRNA degradation.
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11.week B doc.MUDr.P.Pohlreich,CSc.
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Protein posttranslational modifications
EL-link
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Maturation events that modify
newly synthetized polypeptides,
precursor protein cleavage, modification
of amino acids after incorportion
into proteins. The synthesis of
proteins destined for export, ribosomes
of the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
signal peptides and signal recognition
particle, glycosylation of proteins
in the endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus, sorting of proteins
targeted for lysosomes, targeting
to mitochondria and other organelles.
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12.week A MUDr.M.Zikán,PhD.
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Structure,
replication and assembling of viruses.
EL-link
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General characteristics: attributes
of virus viability and inviability,
viruses-definitional criterions
- viral particle-virion, the types
of viral genome, strict intracellular
parasitism, interaction with the
host cell. Size and shape of viruses.
Virus structure: genome, nucleocapsid
or core, capsid, capsomeres, envelope,
"naked and enveloped viruses".
Classification of viruses: by the
genome NA or by the host (bacteriophages,
mycophages, animal viruses, viroids,
priones). Growth cycles of DNA and
RNA viruses: adsorbtion, penetration,
replication (eary and late phase),
assembly and maturation, exit of
viral particles rom the cell. Pathogenity
of viruses.
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12.week B MUDr.M.Zikán,PhD.
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Retroviruses and pararetroviruses
(hepadnaviruses).
EL-link
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Retroviruses - definition and
history. Classification and taxonomy
of retroviruses. General properties
of retroviruses.Virion structure.
Retrovirus genome and viral gene
function - viral oncogenes. Genome
RNA characteristics. Retrovirus
replication. Retroviruses in human
pathogenesis. Antiretrovirotics.
Hepadnaviruses - hepatitis B virus.
Virion structure - viral antigens.
Genome structure - viral genes and
antigenes. Hepadnavirus replication.
HBV in human pathogenesis. Kinetics
of host immune response. Possibility
of HBV infection treatment.
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13.week A prof.MUDr.A.Šedo,DrSc.
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Signal transduction I.
EL-link
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Basic principles of inter- and
intra- cellular communication. Ligands,
receptors, ligand-receptor interaction.
Pre- and receptor level of signaling.
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13.week B prof.MUDr.A.Šedo,DrSc.
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Signal transduction II.
EL-ink
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Postreceptor events:Heterotrimeric
G proteins. cAMP and Ca 2+ as the
second messengers, projection on
to the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels.
Plasma membrane lipids and signaling.
cAMP and IC Ca 2+ pathways interactions.
Clinical aspects of cAMP and IC
Ca 2+ pathways - therapeutic targets,
related pathologies.
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14.week A prof.MUDr.A.Šedo,DrSc.
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Signal
transduction III.
EL-link
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Signaling via receptors wih intrinsic
or associated enzymatic activity.
Growth factors and cytokines
as the signals: differences in similarity.
Oncogenes are signaling molecules.
Interactions of signal pathways.
Tyrosine kinases - therapeutic targets.
Proteolysis represents signaling
concept: Notch, wnt, hedgehog. Protease
activated receptors.
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14.week B prof.MUDr.A.Šedo,DrSc.
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Signal
transduction IV.
EL-link
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Signaling and "molecular
endocrinology". Examples of
humoral regulations from "real
life".
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