LECTURES
Lecture Hall 3.073 Kateřinská 32 every Monday and Thursday from 12.30 to 14.00 .
WEEK LECTURER |
TOPIC |
ANNOTATION: |
27.9.-1.10.1.week A
prof.MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc. |
Introduction to the medical chemistry and biochemistryEL-Link 2022
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Interrelationship between medical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. The significance of the subject for the study of medicine and medical practice. System of subject study, its subdivision into thematic areas, recommended literature. |
1.week Bdoc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
Water and aqueous dispersion systems, chemical reactions |
Water as a solvent, true and colloidal solutions and their properties, electrolytic dissociation, ionic strength, diffusion, osmosis, osmotic and oncotic pressure. Types of chemical reactions: redox, acidobase, addition and elimination, nucleophilic substitutions, isomerization, rearrangements. Irreversible, reversible, and consequential chemical reactions, chemical equilibrium, Guldberg-Waage's law. |
4-8.10.
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Acidobasis. pH and buffers, reactions. |
Definition of acids and bases, Arrhenius and Brönsted-Lowry theories. Protolytes and protolytic processes. Ion product of water and pH definition. Ampholytes. Hydrolysis of salts. Polyelectrolytes. Calculations of pH of strong and weak acids and bases. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Buffers and calculations of their pH. Significance of buffers for the human organism.
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Biogenic elements and medically important inorganic compounds.
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Biogenic elements: macro (C, N, O, H, Ca, P, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg) and micro elements (B, F, Fe, Se, Mo, Mn, Cr, I, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Si, Sn) and their medical significance.
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11-15.10.
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Medicinally important organic compounds.EL-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Hydrocarbons.
Medicinally important halogen- and nitro- and sulfuric derivatives of
hydrocarbons, Amines, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic
acids and their functional and substitutional derivatives. Complex compounds.
Substances used as disinfectants and their mechanism of action |
3.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc.
|
Saccharides - overview.EL-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Definitions, properties, function,
significance, structure, classification and characterization of basic
saccharide molecules. Laws of monosaccharide structures, isomerism and its
meaning. Types of writing formulas and structures. Haworth and Fischer
projections. Characteristics of sugar functional groups - chemical and
biochemical significances. Properties, biological and medical significance of
selected monosaccharides and their derivatives. Other biologically and
medically important monosaccharide derivatives. Glycosidic bond, structure,
properties. Types of glycosides, structures of disaccharides and
oligosaccharides - nomenclature. Properties, biological and medical
significance of selected di- and oligosaccharides and their derivatives.
Homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides - biochemical patterns,
biological and physiological functions. |
18.-22.10.
|
Medicinally significant heterocyclic compounds.El-link EL-Link 2022 |
Heterocycles. Nomenclature of tetrapyrroles,
physical and chemical properties. Bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their
significance. |
4.week BMgr.J.Ševčík, PhD. |
Lipids - overview.El-link EL-Link 2022 |
Definitions, properties, functions and
importance, structure and classification, characterization of basic molecules
(fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, steroids and
isoprenoids). |
30.10-3.11
|
Aminoacids and peptides. |
Definitions, properties, functions and
significance. Structure of coding AAs: hydrocarbon chain type, functional
group, stereochemical configuration, amphoteric character, hydrogen bridge
formation, polarity of the molecule. Effect of dissociation of basic and acidic
functional groups AA by pH change. Isoelectric point. Specific features of AA.
Peptides: peptide bond formation and hydrolysis, limited rotation around the
pept. linkages, cis/trans isomers, preference of trans
isomers. Di-, tri- to oligopeptides and polypeptides, their amino-terminal (N-)
and carboxy-terminal (C-) termini. |
5.week B
|
Structure of proteins and their function in the organism.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Proteins: structure - determining the order of
AA in the chain (genetic code), a set of covalent and non-covalent bonds in one
or more chains of the protein molecule. Primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta
folded leaf), suprasecondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. General
functions of proteins. |
1.-5.11.
|
Enzymes 1El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Definition of enzyme. The importance of enzymes in medicine. Substrate and functional-level specificity of enzymes. Enzymological terminology and enzyme classification. Mechanisms and energetics of enzymatic catalysis. Isoenzymes and multiple enzyme isoforms. Apo and holoenzymes. Enzyme cofactors: coenzymes, prosthetic groups, coactivators. Factors influencing the direction of enzymatic reactions. Regulation of the kinetics of enzymatic reaction by changing the substrate concentration. Monomeric and oligomeric enzymes and their kinetics, cooperative effects. |
6.week Bprof.MUDr.A.Šedo, DrSc. |
Enzymes 2El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Biological
regulation of enzyme concentration and activity at transcriptional, posttranscriptional,
translational and posttranslational levels. Reversible and irreversible
posttranslational covalent modification of proenzymes (zymogens) and enzymes.
Regulation of enzyme aktivity - inhibitors. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition, its
kinds and mechanisms. The medicinal and biological significance of enzyme
inhibitors. Allosteric enzymes and regulation of their activity. Linear and
branched enzyme pathways and feedbacks regulating of their kinetics.
Compartmentalization of enzymes in cells and its consequences for metabolism. |
8.-12.11.
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VitaminsEl-link |
Definition;
general classification according to the physical properties; generic
descriptive names; chemical names if commonly used alongside; chemical structures;
function and significance; dietary sources; diseases caused by a vitamin
deficiency and overdose; recommended daily doses of the most important vitamins |
7.week Bprof.MUDr.Z. Kleibl. , Ph.D. |
Introduction to metabolism (biochemistry and energy) |
Energetics of chemical reactions (entropy,
enthalpy). Overview of energy metabolism pathways, human energy needs: gradient
maintenance, endergonic reactions, mechanical work. Basic characteristics,
significance and mutual metabolic relations of nutrients. Significance and
functions of Ac-CoA, NAD and FAD. Compartmentalization of metabolic processes.
Intracellular and interorgan metabolism. Principles of metabolic control. |
15.-19.11.
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Makroergic compounds. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.El-link EL-Link 2022 |
Overview of macroergic compounds. Respiratory
chain, oxidative phosphorylation, Mitchell´s chemosmotic theory. Reactive forms
of oxygen (ROS), antioxidants. |
8.week Bprof.MUDr.Z. Kleibl., Ph.D. |
Citric acid cycleEl-linkEL-Link 2022
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Citric
acid cycle as a universal metabolic mill, the most important source of reduced
coenzymes. Function of Acetyl Coenzyme A. Intermediates and enzymes of the
citric acid cycle. Sites of reduced coenzymes production. Energy balance – the
gain of energy by substrate-level and oxidative |
22.11-26.11.
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Saccharides digestion, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis. Fructose metabolism.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Dietary sugars, digestion and resorption.
Glucose transporters their distribution and regulation – signifiance for
metabolism. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis - steps of glycolysis, regulation, organ/tissue
specificity. Fate of pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis: similarities and
differences. Metabolic sources for gluconeogenesis. Coordination of glycolysis
and gluconeogenesis at local and system level. Fructose metabolism. |
9.week B
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Glycogen metabolism, uronic acids, pentose phosphate pathway. Galactose metabolism.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Glykogen - energy depot with rapid change and
quick mobilization. Glycogen metabolism: synthesis, degradation
(glycogenolysis), mechanisms of regulation and association with metabolism of
other nutrients. Hormonal and allosteric regulation of glycogen metabolism, its
tissue specificities. Pentose phosphate pathway. Synthesis and significance of
glucuronic acid. Galactose metabolism. |
29.11.-3.12.
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Lipid digestion, metabolism of triacylglycerols.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Digestion and transport of lipids (lipases, lipoproteins - their structure, meaning of apoproteins, formation and transformation in the organism, functions). Synthesis and degradation of TAG, mobilization and transport of fatty acids.Splicing of rRNA and tRNA molecules in prokaryotes. Processing and modificationin of the primary transcripts in eukaryotes - capping, polyadenylation, alternative splicing, splicesomes. RNA transport and degradation in eukaryotes. |
10.week B
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Beta oxidation, ketone bodies, fatty acid synthesis.
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Oxidation of fatty acids, carnitine synthesis,
carnitine transporter system, mitochondrial beta oxidation - its importance,
procedure and regulation; other pathways of fatty acid degradation. Creation,
degradation, utilization and significance of ketone bodies. De novy synthesis
of fatty acids. Subsequent modifications of fatty acids (desaturation and
elongation). |
6.-10.12.
|
Metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Cholesterol
biosynthesis and degradation and transport. The SREBP mediated regulation of
cholesterol metabolism at the cellular level. Bile acid metabolism and
regulation. |
11.week B
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Steroid hormonesEl-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Biosynthesis, transport and catabolism of
gestagens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens and
calcitriol. |
13.-17.12.
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Metabolism of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Eikosanoids.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
Metabolism of membrane lipids -
glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids - sphingomyelin (formation of sphingosine
and ceramide) and glycosphingolipids. Structural and signal functions, the
importance of phospholipases, lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. Eicosanoids
- biosynthesis, function and degradation of prostanoids and leukotrienes. |
12.week BRNDr.M.Janatová, Ph.D. |
Protein digestion, transamination, ureosynthetic cycle.El-linkEL-Link 2022 |
The role of proteases and pH in digestion of
proteins in GIT, resorption and transport of amino acids (AA). Catabolism of
proteins and AA in cells, involvement of AA in metabolic processes (catabolic
and anabolic reactions). Nutritionally essential and non-essential AA. General
mechanisms and co-factors of amino acid transformation - transamination,
deamination and decarboxylation. Transport and detoxification of ammonia,
synthesis and deamination of glutamine, ureosynthetic cycle and its regulation. |
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3.-7.1.
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Metabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids.
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Metabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids
(AA) - glucogenic and ketogenic AA. Metabolism of aliphatic AA: AA of the group
of pyruvate, oxalacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA and fumarate, AA
converting via acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, metabolism of branched-chain AA. |
13.week Bdoc.MUDr.P.Bušek,Ph.D. |
Metabolism of aromatic amino acids and formation of specialized products.El-link EL-Link 2022 |
Metabolism of aromatic amino acids.
Biosynthesis and degradation of biologically active amines: catecholamines,
histamine, serotonin, ethanolamine. Biosynthesis of melanin. Biosynthesis of
creatin. |
10.-14.1.
|
Metabolizm of tetrapyrroles.El-link EL-Link 2022 |
Heme biosynthesis; regulation of heme
biosynthesis in hepatocytes and erythroid cells. Tetrapyrrole metabolism - heme
degradation; sites of erythrocyte decay and heme degradation, extravascular
disintegration - hemoglobin and heme fate, catabolic pathway of heme decay -
bilirubin formation - hemoxygenase (HO-1, HO-2, HO-3) physico-chemical
properties of bilirubin, transport, bilirubin conjugation and bilirubin
excretion, bilirubin fate in GIT - bilinoids. Metabolism of iron. |
14.week Bdoc.MUDr.J.Křemen,CSc. |
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism. |
Purine metabolism - de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotide. Saving synthesis and defects. Catabolism of purines. De novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, regulation. Salvage synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and their mutual transformation (interconversion). Catabolism of pyrimidines. Deoxyribonucleotides biosynthesis of and its regulation. |
SEMINARS AND PRACTICAL LESSONS
Seminars are held on Mondays (Lecture hall 3.073 Kateřinská 32) and Fridays (the Cori Lecture Hall, U Nemocnice 5) from 14.15 to 15.45
Practical lessons are held every Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 14.15 to 17.15 at the Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology ,U Nemocnice 5
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Teacher |
Seminar |
Teacher |
Practical lesson / Seminar |
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1.week 27.9.-1.10. |
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RNDr.J.Soukupová, Ph.D. |
Laboratry and safety rules. / Repetition of
english nomenclature - inorganics. Calculation of solution concentrations.
Concentration, dilution of solutions. El-link |
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2.week 4-8.10. |
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Automatic pipettes and spectrophotometry. / Concentration, dilution of solutions. Osmolarity, osmotic pressure - calculations El-link |
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3.week 11-15.10. |
Mgr.I.Matrasová |
Chemical calculations - pH (strong and weak acids, bases, buffers). The clinical and biochemical significance of pH and buffers in the body, buffering systems in the organism. pH calculations, buffers. |
R. Mateu Sanz, MSc.
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Acids, bases, salts. Buffers – dilutions, pH calculation / pH calculations, buffers. El-link |
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4.week 18.-22.10. |
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E.Garcia Borja,MSc
Mgr.M.Houdová, Ph.D.
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Properties and reactions of biologically and toxicologically important elements and their compounds / Solubility, complex compounds, repeat- biogenic and toxic elements, Pb, Hg, As. El-link |
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5.week 25.-29.10. |
MUDr. E. Balážiová, PhD. |
Organic
Chemistry - repetition. Definition, characterization, structure and properties
of medically important organic compounds, including complex and heterocyclic
compounds. Definitions and patterns of structure and isomerism of
monosaccharides. Methods of writing patterns and carbohydrate structures -
Haworth and Fischer projections. Chemical properties and biochemical
significance of saccharides functional groups. Glycosidic bond, structure, properties.
Biological and medical significance of selected monosaccharides and their
derivatives. Types of glycosides, structures of disaccharides and
oligosaccharides. Homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides and their
physiological functions. El-link EL-Link 2022 |
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Reaction of biochemically important organic
compounds. Classification and basic principles of organic compounds
nomenclature. El-link |
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6.week 1.-5.11. |
Mgr. L. Stollinová, Ph.D. |
Proteins - properties, functions. Superssecondarry structures, domains.Conformation, native state, protein folding. Structure of selected proteins,consequences of pathological changes affecting the structure of proteins(hemoglobin, collagen, prions etc). Posttranslational modification ofproteins and their importance (lipid anchors, glycosylation, phosphorylation,gamma carboxylation). |
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Amino Acids (AAs) and Proteins / Structure of proteogenic AAs, acidobasic properties of AAs. Peptide bond, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure - definitions, bounds stabilizing particular levels of structure. Control of study El-link |
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7.week 8.-12.11. |
Mgr. L. Stollinová, Ph.D. |
Enzymes - definition and characterization; nomenclature and classification of enzymes; structure of enzymes, coenzymes and prosthetic groups; enzyme specificity; isoenzymes - definition and characterization; regulation of enzyme concentration and activity; methods for determining activity and concentration of enzymes and isoenzymes; the significance of enzymes and isoenzymes in medicine. El-link EL-Link 2022 |
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Protein-emulsification, precipitation, determination of total protein and serum albumin concentration / Plasma protein electrophoresis. The importance of determining total protein and albumin El-link |
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8.week 15.-19.11. |
Mgr.I.MatrasováMgr. J.Král
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Enzymes / Enzyme specificity, modulation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibitio / Michaelis constant - determination and examples from metabolic processes. El-link | ||
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9.week 22-26.11. |
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Biological oxidation: Citrate acid cycle dehydrogenases. Peroxidase, Catalase / Citrate acid cycle. Oxygen and its reactive forms. El-link |
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10.week 29.11.-3.12. |
RNDr.M.Janatová,Ph.D. |
Overview of carbohydrates metabolic pathways (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, glucose conversion to glucuronic acid and its utilization, fructose and galactose metabolism and their inclusion in glycolysis, pentose phosphate cycle) and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (glycogenosis, galactosemia,fructose metabolism disorders) |
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Starch digestion / Kinds and types of amylases. Human salivary and pancreatic amylases, differences (isoenzymes). Level of α-amylase activity in parotitis and pancreatitis and utilization of changes in enzyme activity in differential diagnosis. Amylase in blood and urine. Macroamylase. Comparison of α-amylase and saccharase cleavage mechanism. Enzymes involved in carbohydrate cleavage, mechanism of action and localization. Control of study |
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11.week 6.-10.12. |
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RNDr. M. Borecká,Ph.D.
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Bile acids, lipid digestion / Overview of lipid metabolism - repetition of lipids metabolic pathways. El-link |
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12.week 13.-17.12. |
Mgr. J. Ševčík,Ph.D. |
Lipids - transport and metabolism overview, lipoperoxidation, lipid metabolism disorders, primary and secondary dyslipidemia - familial hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia; diabetes mellitus, metabolic ketoacidosis, atherosclerosis. EL-Link 2022 El-link |
R. Mateu Sanz, MSc. Ph.D. |
Cholesterol, triacylglycerols, lipoproteins / Dyslipidemias – atherosclerosis risk factors. El-link |
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13.week
3.-7.1.
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MUDr. M. Hilšer, Ph.D. |
Nitrogen balance / nitrogen balance - evaluation. Transamination, deamination, ureosynthetic cycle. Ureosynthetic cycle defects - hyperammonaemia.
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14.week 10.-14.1. |
Mgr.M.Houdová, Ph.D.
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Metabolism of amino acids (AA) and selected disorders of the metabolism of AA (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, metabolic disorders of the branched chain AA). Metabolism of monocarbon AA residues. El-link EL-Link 2022 |
MUDr. M. Hilšer, Ph.D.
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Tetrapyrroles: Determination of hemoglobin and bilirubin concentration / Porphyria, Ikterus. Control of studyEl-link |
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15.week |
Credit. |
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Attendance at lectures is recommendable, attendance at practical lessons and seminars is obligatory.
The condition for a credit is attendance at all compulsory lessons and a minimum necessary volume of knowledge and skills.
Students are also recquired to wear his/her Student´ID Card on a visible place.
Note:
Each student is supposed to bring to each practical lesson a laboratory coat, water-resistent markers, pen, calculator, latex gloves and the written instructions issued for the practical lesson
Important:
All students have to bring to the pactical lessons their own padlock with a key in order to leave their things locked in the boxes outside the student laboratory.
8.9.2021
Prof. MUDr. Aleksi Šedo, DrSc.